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 Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion What is substitution? There are some special words in English which contribute to cohesion by substitution for words that have already been used. The process or result of replacing one word by another at a particular position in a structure is called substitution(替代). The word which refers back to previously occurring element of structure may be called a substitution word（替代词）. Types of substitution Nominal substitution: to replace a noun or noun phrase e.g. A: I’ve lost my wallet. B: Get a new one. (One=wallet) Verbal substitution: to replace a verb phrase e.g. A: Have you been to Shanghai? B: Yes, I have. Clausal substitution: to replace a clause e.g. A: She told the truth. B: I don’t think so. Ellipsis Definition: the leaving out of words or phrase of a sentence for reasons of economy, emphasis or style, and omitted part can only be recovered by the reader from the previous discourse, such a phenomenon is called ellipsis, which is actually a kind of “substitution by zero”. Types of ellipsis: Nominal ellipsis: e.g. The good life is one (life) inspired by love and guided by knowledge. Verbal ellipsis: e.g. Reading makes a full man; conference (makes) a ready man; and writing (makes) an exact man.读书使人充实，与人交谈使人敏捷，而写作使人严谨 。 Clausal ellipsis: e.g. A: John’s coming to dinner. B: When?(=When is he coming to dinner?) Conjunction Types Coordinating conjunctions/coordinator(并列连词) e.g. and ,but, or, as well as, both…and, either…or ,neither…or, not only…but also, etc. Subordinating conjunctions/subordinator(从属连词) e.g. because, when, unless, before, if, although, since, until, where, while, whether, etc. Conjunctive adverbs/conjuncts(连接性副词) e.g. however, moreover, indeed, nevertheless, therefore，otherwise… For instances: Air and water are indispensable to us. You may come if you want to . He didnt go to bed until his m