教育心理学chapter概念.docVIP

Chapter 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning学习的行为主义理论 Behavioral Learning Theories focus on the ways in which pleasurable or unpleasant consequences of behavior change individuals’ behavior over time and ways in which individuals model their behavior on that of others. Learning: a change in an individual caused by experience. 1、Pavlov: classical conditioning经典性条件作用理论 UCS （unconditioned stimulus无条件刺激:Meat powder）: a stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response UCR （unconditioned response无条件反应 Response of salivating唾液）: a behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus Neutral stimulus （neutral stimulus中性刺激没有意义A bell）: stimulus that has no effect on a particular response CS (conditioned stimulus):a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus CR (conditioned respondence): a learned physiological or emotional response that is similar to the unconditioned response Conclusion : a form of learning in which an individual learns to produce an emotional or physiological response that is similar to an instinctive or reflective response 2、Thorndike: the law of effect效果律 联结主义心理学 View most behavior as a response to stimuli in the environment Stimulus-response theory Stimulus that occurred after a behavior have an influence on future behaviors Law of Effect: any act that produces a satisfying effect in a given situation will tend to be repeated in that situation. → the consequences of one’s present behavior play a crucial role in determining one’s future behavior 刺激：食物 反应：触碰开关的动作 Skinner操作性条件作用理论 operant conditioning操作性行为--- the use of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to change behavior 自发行为 强化 行为增加 Focus on the relationship between behavior and its consequences Skinner Box: a bar, a rat, a food dispenser, water dispenser If the rat happened to press the bar, it would receive a food pellet. After a few accidental bar presses, the rat would start pressing the ba