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Bashful ballerina The asymmetric Sun viewed from the heliosphere.pdf

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Advances in Space Research 40 (2007) 1034–1041 /locate/asr Bashful ballerina: The asymmetric Sun viewed from the heliosphere q K. Mursula * Department of Physical Sciences, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Received 30 October 2006; received in revised form 1 May 2007; accepted 1 May 2007 Abstract Long-term observations of the heliospheric magnetic ?eld (HMF) at 1 AU have depicted interesting systematic hemispheric and longitudinal asymmetries that have far-reaching implications for the understanding of solar magnetism. It has recently been found that the HMF sector that is prevalent in the northern solar hemisphere dominates the observed HMF sector occurrence for a few years in the late declining to minimum phase of the solar cycle. This leads to a persistent southward shift or coning of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) at these times, which has been described by the concept of the bashful ballerina. This result was later veri?ed by direct measurements of the solar magnetic ?eld which showed that the average ?eld intensity was smaller and the corresponding area larger in the northern (heliographic) hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere during roughly 3 years in the late declining to minimum phase of the cycle. During these years when the HCS was shifted southwards, the solar quadrupole moment was found to be systematically non-zero and oppositely oriented with respect to the dipole moment. Long-term observations of the geomagnetic ?eld can yield information on the HMF sector structure in the pre-satellite era, showing that the ballerina was bashful since 1930s. In addition to the hemispheric asymmetries, the Sun is systematically asymmetric in longitude. It has been shown that the global HMF has persistent active longitudes whose dominance depicts an oscillation with a period of about 3.2 years. Accordingly, the bashful ballerina takes three such steps per activity cycle, thus dancing in waltz tempo. Stellar observations show that