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A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI) A comparison to standard approaches.pdf

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A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI) A comparison to standard approaches.pdf

NeuroImage 61 (2012) 1277–1286 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect NeuroImage journal homepage: /locate/ynimg Technical Note A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): A comparison to standard approaches Donald G. McLaren a,b,c,d,e,f,g, Michele L. Ries a,c, Guofan Xu a,c, Sterling C. Johnson a,c,? a Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA b Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, 7225 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA c Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, J5/1 Mezzanine Madison, WI 53705, USA d Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, ENRM VA Medical Center, 200 Springs Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA e Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, WACC 715, Boston, MA 02114, USA f Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA g Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA article info Article history: Accepted 22 March 2012 Available online 30 March 2012 Keywords: fMRI Functional connectivity Effective connectivity PPI Psychophysiological interactions Context-dependent connectivity Brain mapping abstract Functional MRI (fMRI) allows one to study task-related regional responses and task-dependent connectivity analysis using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) methods. The latter affords the additional opportunity to understand how brain regions interact in a task-dependent manner. The current implementation of PPI in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8) is con?gured primarily to assess connectivity differences between two task conditions, when in practice fMRI tasks frequently employ more than two conditions. Here we evaluate how a generalized form of context-dependent PPI (gPPI; /proj