WageandUnemployment工资与失业.pptVIP

$pg Learning Objectives Discuss the five important trends that characterized the labor markets since 1960 五個勞動市場趨勢 Use a supply-and-demand model to understand the labor market　勞動市場供需 Explain how changes in the supply of and demand for labor explain trends in real wages and employment since 1960　實質工資與就業變化 Define and calculate the unemployment rate and the participation rate　定義失業率和勞動參與率 Differentiate among the three types of unemployment and the costs associated with each三種失業型態 Juhn, Murphy and Pierce, 1993 OECD 國家經濟指標Standardized Unemployment Rate: OECD Countries The Labor Market勞動市場 Supply and demand analysis can be used to find the price of labor (real wages) and the quantity (employment) Analysis will consider the number of workers employed, not work-hours per year 勞動市場的供需，考慮的是工作人數，而非工時 Labor market is an input market Firms buy labor to produce goods and services 勞動市場是要素市場，購買人力作為中間投入 Macroeconomics look at aggregate levels of employment and real wages Microeconomics looks at wage determination for a category of workers 總體關心的勞動市場是全體的就業和實質工資 個體關心的是個別或特定勞工的工資 Wages and Demand for Labor工資與勞動需求 The demand for labor depends upon: 勞動需求取決於兩個要件：生產力與產品價格 The productivity of workers Greater productivity increases employment The price of the worker’s output Higher real prices increases employment Diminishing returns to labor 勞動邊際報酬遞減 Assumes non-labor inputs are held constant其他不變 Adding one worker increases output but by less than the previous worker added Value of Marginal Product (VMP) is extra revenue that an added worker generates MP* P = VMP 名目工資＝邊際生產力*產品價格＝邊際產值 Figure 18.1 Production and Marginal Product 工資與雇用量的決定 最適決策準則 MR = MC 就雇主而言，工資是成本，邊際產值是收益 均衡時，W = VMP Hire an extra worker if and only if the VMP exceeds the wage paid If wage is $60,000, BCC will hire 3 workers At $50,000, BCC hires 5 workers The lower the wage, the more workers employed Shifting Demand for Labor勞動需求的變動 Demand shifts when the value of the marginal product of a worker changes