外交外事缘.起及发展.pptVIP

中国和其他国家的关系图 中国 内亚区 边陲区 汉化区 外亚区 二、文艺复兴时期的外交 * 文艺复兴时期： The period of the revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times. 1、（The emergence of the Resident Ambassador）常驻使节出现 The most important transition was the exportation of the resident ambassador. From 1494 when the French invaded northern Italy, it was no longer possible, even with all the accumulated skills and experience of Italian diplomats and rulers, for the small states lying between Rome and the Alps to remain free from external interference, however some of them supposed that their superior skills would protect them from the consequences of inviting the intervention of overwhelmingly larger states. Italy became the cockpit in which greater powers, specifically the Habsburgs in Austria and Spain, and the French ruling family, the Valois, fought for supremacy. In the early phases of this struggle, it was more necessary for the Italian states to be represented outside their own peninsula than it was for the new powers to reciprocate. Ludovico Sforza of Milan sent a resident to Genoa in 1455,which was the first one recorded. It took time for the host rulers to reciprocate. In 1492 and 1493 respectively Milanese residents appeared at both the Habsburg court and at Paris. Spaniards responded first. The determination of Ferdinand of Aragon to eject the French from Italy led to the creation of the Most Holy League at Venice in 1495. In pursuit of this arrangement and in its subsequent, unsuccessful, maintenance, a network of Spanish, largely Castilian, resident ambassadors emerged. London became a permanent embassy after 1495. Maximilian of Austria began to appoint residents at two distinct points during his reign, after the French invasion of Italy. None of his arrangements lasted, however. The struggle with Habsburgs made the French value allies and a network of French residents spread. English were beginning to operate more widely in the dip