【2017年整理】神经和肌肉细胞(文献翻译).docxVIP

神经和肌肉细胞 2.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter we consider the structure of nerve and muscle tissue and in particular their membranes(动植物体内的隔膜、薄膜), which are excitable. A qualitative description of the activation process follows. Many new terms and concepts are mentioned only briefly in this chapter but in more detail in the next two chapters, where the same material is dealt with from a quantitative rather than a qualitative point of view. 2.1 引言 在这一章中, 我们会了解神经和肌肉组织的结构,尤其是那些容易激动的隔膜或薄膜. 下面是对激化过程的一个定性的描述. 许多新的术语和概念会在这一章中简单的提到,至于更详细的内容将会在后面两章中讲述, 而且相同的内容会用定量的方法解决而不是定性的方法了. The first documented reference to the nervous system is found in ancient Egyptian records. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a copy (dated 1700 B.C.) of a manuscript composed about 3500 B.C., contains the first use of the word brain, along with a description of the coverings of the brain which was likened to the film（薄层、薄膜） and corrugations（起皱、皱纹） that are seen on the surface of molten copper（熔融铜） as it cooled (Elsberg, 1931; Kandel and Schwartz, 1985). 最早涉及神经系统的文献被发现于古埃及人的记录中. 爱德华·史密斯的《Surgical Papyrus》，一份（公元前1700年）源于约公元前3500年的手稿的副本，包含了“brain”的第一次使用，有这样一描述：大脑被比作起皱的薄层，就像冷却以后的的熔融铜的表面一样。 The basic unit of living tissue is the cell. Cells are specialized in their anatomy and physiology to perform different tasks. All cells exhibit a voltage difference across the cell membrane. Nerve cells and muscle cells are excitable. Their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct them along the membrane. In muscle cells, this electric phenomenon is also associated with the contraction of the cell. In other cells, such as gland cells and ciliated cells, it is believed that the membrane voltage is important to the execution of cell function. 活体组织的基本单位是细胞，细胞在解剖学和生理学方面扮演者各种各样的任务。所有的细胞隔着细胞膜有一个电位差。神经和肌肉细胞的电位是容易激发的。他们的细胞膜产生电化学脉冲，并且可以沿着细胞膜传导。在肌细胞中，这些电现象还跟细胞的收缩有关。在其他细胞，像腺细胞和纤毛细胞，据认为膜电位对于细胞功能的执行也是重要的。 The origin of the membrane voltage is the same in nerve cells as in muscle cells. In both cell types, the m