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阅读理解题真题资料详细分析2015复习资料As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. Thats partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert（发挥） more effort, to achieve those goals.Whats far less understood（万万没想到） by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting.Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis , and unethical (不道德的) behavior in general(大体上).Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors, says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penns Wharton School.It turns out theres no economic benefit to just having a goal---you just get a psychological benefit Schweitzer says. But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse倒闭崩毁 of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue收益 goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable无利可图的.Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting.Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his t