元话语的分类解析.docVIP

2 元话语的分类 由于对元话语的性质和功能的认识差异,对元话语的分类也存在不同。迄今为止,元话语已有几种不同的分类体系(参Williams ,1981 ;Lautamatti ,1978 ;Vande ,1985 ;Crismore ,1989 ;Crismore et al ,1993 ;Hyland ,1998 ,2005) 。本研究将会主要讨论三种分法:Kopple（1985）、Crismore et al （1993）以及Hyland（2004）。 Vande Kopple(1985)基于Lautamatti和Williams对元话语的研究, 概括了7种元话语并将其分为语篇元话语和人际元话语两大类型。其中, 语篇元话语指的是在语篇中连接语篇各层次的主要成分, 组词成篇的词和短语。人际元话语主要是体现作者和读者关系的词和短语, 见表1。 表1　Vande Kopple的元话语分类 Category Function Examples Textual metadiscourse Text connectives Show how parts of a text are connected to one another sequencers (first, next), reminders (as I mentioned in Chapter 2), topicalizers(with regard to) Code glosses Help readers grasp the writer’s intended meaning mean, such as Validity markers Express the writer’s commitment to a statement hedges (perhaps, might), emphatics (undoubtedly)， attributors (according to) Narrators Inform readers of the source of information according to Smith, Interpersonal metadiscourse Illocution markers Make the discourse act explicit at certain point to conclude, I hypothesize, to sum up, we predict Attitude markers Express the writer’s attitudes unfortunately, interestingly, I wish that Commentaries address readers directly, drawing them into an implicit dialogue you will certainly agree that, you might want to read the third chapter first 不难看出, VandeKopple的分类存在问题, 如, 同样是“ according to ”, 既属于归属语又属于叙说词。One problem in identifying metadiscourse is its multifunctionality, that is, the functions are not performed in isolation and one metadiscourse may achieve several purposes simultaneously. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, Crismore, Markkanen, and Steffensen (1993) in their classification try to use a functional analysis: metadiscourse is defined according to its primary function in the context. 　Crismoreetal(1993）在VandeKopple(1985)的分类基础上, 也将元话语分为两大类:语篇元话语和人际元话语。Crismoreetal的分类中去掉了叙说词一项, 将逻辑连接词、序列词、提醒词和主题词概括为