土木英语翻译答案.docVIP

Unit2 a system of forces is said to be in equilibrium when the resultant of the forces and the resultant of all the moment at one point are equal to zero if there are more than three unknowns ,the equations cannot be completely solved and the system will be statically indeterminate or redundant. the the reaction must be capable of resisting any displacement or rotation that is applied to the structure however，for the purpose of calculation it will be sufficiently accurate to assume that the load is acting at the point it can be seen that the question of stability and determinacy of the reactions must be independent of the actual loading that is applied to the structure 当所有力的合力和某一点所有弯矩等于零时，力系处于平衡状态。 如果未知量超过三个就不能完全求解平衡方程系统给静不定 反力必须能够抵抗施加在结构上任何很小的位移和转动 为了计算假设荷载作用在一点是足够精确地 可以看出稳定问题和反力问题的确定必须独立于施加在结构上的实际荷载 Unit5 for most design situations the code will specify the magnitude of the loads design for wind effects is complicated by a number of phenomena the great the floor area that is to be supported by a single member，the smaller will be the probability that the code live load will appear with its full intensity however compared to the other structural loads，the dead load variations are relatively small，and the actual mean values are quite close to the code-prescribed data in theory，at least，the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant 对于大多数设计情况规范规定的是静力荷载的大小 对于风作用许多现象使设计复杂化 类似的，单个构件承担的楼板面积越大，在整个面积上，规范活荷载已全部强度出现的概率就越小 然而，与其他结构荷载相比，横在变化是相对较小的，实际平均值于规范规定的值很接近 10. 至少在理论上，结构上恒荷载被认为是保持不变的 Unit6 a crack in the tension zone of concrete implies that some slip has occurred between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete however ,if the concrete stain is measured over a gauge length that includes several cracks ,it is found that bernoulli’s principle applies to this average tensile strain some deviation from linearity must be expected because of small inaccuracies in individual strain measurements and small errors in the location of gauge lines stress-stra