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American Indians美国印第安人American Indians美国印第安人.docx

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American Indians美国印第安人American Indians美国印第安人

American IndiansAMERICAN INDIANS. The application of the name Indians to the native peoples and tribes of the New World is an erroneous usage, originating in the belief of the Spanish discoverers of America that they had reached the eastern shores of Asiatic countries already partially known. As it happens, the name is now, even apart from the addition of American, customarily applied to the aborigines of the western hemisphere, while it is used with far less frequency as a collective name for the inhabitants of the great country of the East known from the remotest times as India.Various questions in regard to the American Indians have been discussed in the article?AMERICA. It is here intended to treat more particularly their ethnographical position, and to give what may be called a working classification of the races. This is followed by a separate notice of the present distribution and condition of the North American Indians.It may be asserted with some confidence that there is nothing, in the physical and mental condition of the aboriginal Americans which requires us to postulate for them a foreign origin. If man was evolved originally from several centres, America assuredly included one at least; if he sprang from a single pair, then we can even conceive that pair to have been first established in the New World, and the arguments brought forward in support of an Asiatic origin of the American would not lose their point if adduced in favour of an American origin of the Asiatic peoples.Andreas Retzius, the founder of scientific craniolog}, arguing on insufficient materials, grouped all the American aborigines in two great divisions—(1) a western or high-land, occupying the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, with the intervening lands thence to the Pacific: and (2) an eastern, mainly lowland, whose domain stretched from the western uplands to the Atlantic seaboard. The former, being characterized by brachycephalous or round heads, he felt disposed to con