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ARTICLE IN PRESS Engineering Applications of Arti?cial Intelligence 20 (2007) 1086–1096 Brief paper  /locate/engappai  Abstract A swarm intelligence approach to the synthesis of two-dimensional IIR ?lters Swagatam Das?, Amit Konar Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur, University, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India Received 21 September 2005; received in revised form 4 October 2006; accepted 3 February 2007 Available online 18 April 2007  The concept of particle swarms, although initially introduced for simulating human social behaviors, has become very popular these days as an ef?cient means for intelligent search and optimization. The particle swarm optimization (PSO), as it is called now, does not require any gradient information of the function to be optimized, uses only primitive mathematical operators and is conceptually very simple. This paper investigates a novel approach to the designing of two-dimensional zero phase in?nite impulse response (IIR) digital ?lters using the PSO algorithm. The design task is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem and is solved by a modi?ed PSO algorithm. Numerical results are presented. The paper also demonstrates the superiority of the proposed design method by comparing it with two recently published ?lter design methods and two other state of the art optimization techniques. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: IIR ?lters; Swarm intelligence; Particle swarm optimization; Differential evolution; Genetic algorithms  1. Introduction In signal processing, the function of a ?lter is to remove unwanted parts of a signal, such as random noise, or to extract useful parts of the signal, such as the components lying within a certain frequency range. There are two main kinds of ?lter, analog and digital. They are quite different in their physical makeup and in how they work. An analog ?lter uses analog electronic circuits mad