验证逻辑critiquelogic.docVIP

----验证逻辑 critique logic survey ----quantity , quality(random) 包括 1.分组group 分为几个sub group 2.pecentage of each sub 3.select sample 取样 procedure 有没有sample 或人被排除在外 how large was the sample ? Are the statistics complete ? Different: Do the statistics make a difference ? 数据重要么？ 闪光句型： 1. the assumption that … is open to doubt/ unreliable /unfounded / groundless / unwarranted 2. the arguer commits a fallacy of … 3. the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between A and B 4. the result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to the arguer’s assumption. 5. the arguer fails to convince us that … contribute to / lead to / result in … 6. the comparison between A and B is incomplete 7. it is possible / likely that … 第二天 6.19 一、写作步骤： 1. skim the question and write the introduction 2. input the topic sentence. 找出问题所在，一个问题一句话 3. develop the body paragraphs one by one. 逐一展开问题段落，按重要性递减的规律展开 4. conclusion（略） 5. checking 二、开头段的写作： 找出原论证的结论或主张，指出原论证的论据和假设，指出原论证的逻辑错误。 忠实的保留原始信息。 用自己的词保留原始信息。 In this argument / analysis, the arguer concludes / claims that…..To support / justify the conclusion , the arguer points out / provides the evidence that …and that… In addition , the arguer reasons (推理) that ….. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies / flaws. 三、SURVEY 问题： 1. vague = misleading (majority, percent, base number, few, many) 2. question: what questions will ask in the survey? Loaded questions 有误导性的问题 3. Who 4. Average 平均数不适合于每个成员 5. Confusing causal relationship with correlation 混淆因果关系与相关性 Every causal relationship implies a correlation, but the statistical correlation does not necessarily implies a causal relation. 6. When was the survey conducted? 7. Are respondents (授调查者) being forthright (直率，说真话) ? Image men / essence men 闪光句型: 1. the arguer over simplifies the issue of… 2. the arguer unfairly assumes that… 3. the arguer fails take into account other factors that … 4. the pro