Immunoprophylaxis (prophylactic immunization).PPTVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * Immunoprophylaxis(prophylactic immunization) Immunoprophylaxis Types of immunization Immunoglobulins and vaccines Strategies in vaccine preparation Mechanisms of action of different types of vaccines NATURAL ARTIFICIAL (PROPHYLACTIC) ACTIVE PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION Immunity after infection Transplacental transfer of IgG Immunoglobulines in milk (breast feeding) Immunoglobulins and antisera (antitoxins) Vaccination Pasive immunization(Administration of immunoglobulins/antisera) For prophylaxis or therapy Human immunoglobulins (from blood donors) Animal (horse) sera (antisera, antitoxins) e.g. for snake venoms, botulism, diphteria... immediate effect temporary immunity (weeks, months) Antibodies-Immunoglobulins (Ig) human serum (gama)globulin (Ig of various specificity) specific immune globulins (high-titre of specific Ig) serum disease!!! e.g. for hepatitis B, tetanus, rabies... e.g. for immunodeficiencies... Active immunization (Vaccination) Requires time (weeks) for induction of immune response Administration Long-lasting immunity - prior to exposure to pathogen (exception: rabies vaccine) - post-exposure (in combination with specific Ig) - multiple doses needed for most vaccines Herd immunity Primarily for prophylaxis Adjuvant - increases immunogenicity Vaccine types Live (attenuated) vaccines Inactivated (killed) vaccines - contain killed whole infectious agents Conjugate vaccines - contain structural parts/products of infectious agents New approches for vaccines obtained from pathogens by isolation and purification synthetic (genetic engineering) Subunit (antigenic) vaccines - contain live, attenuated (weakend) infectious agents Combined (polyvalent) vaccines - contain T-independent antigen bound to T-dependent antigen - contain several antigens of one or more different pathogens Live (attenuated) vaccines Examples Advantages Induction of both humoral (Abs) and cellular response (CTLs) Several viral vaccine