英汉静态与动态对比详解.pptVIP

静态与动态Static vs Dynamic;;英语的静态倾向表现;汉语的动态倾向表现;1.英语中，名词化是一种常见的语言现象;英语学术性文体都喜欢名词化：;Our son has been a disappointment to us. 我们的儿子令我们失望。 The sight of the books sends my memory back three years ago. 见了这些书,我想起三年前的往事。;2.用名词表示施事者（agentive noun).以代替动词;这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构： a hard worker = someone who works hard 工作勤奋的人 a good thief = someone who thieves well 很会偷窃的人 ; 另；汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词（如读者、教师、打字员等）用来指人，不再表示行为或动作，因而英语这类名词往往要转换为汉语动词：;3.用名词代替形容词,构成标题式短语（headline phrase);另：名词连用复合名词在科技英语里也很常见：;名词定语与被修饰词之间存在着种种不同的语义关系：;要想理解其语义，往往还要联系语境甚至社会文化背景知识。;名词连用加强了英语的名词优势，也反映了现代英语追求简洁的总趋势，但不少语言学者反对过分堆积名词（noun pileups).认为这会使语言失去活力，缺乏动态感，有时还会造成语意混乱，甚至产生歧义。 British history teachers a.teachers of British history 教英国历史的老师 b.British teachers of history 教历史的英国老师 ;名词连用作修饰语（multiple noun adjuct)或用名词作定语（noun attribute)在现代英语里是一种盛行的文风。 Is there any evidence of this applicant’s excessive road accident proneness（倾向）? =Can you show that this applicant for a cai insurance policy is more like to be involved in accident than others ? 这位申请人比其他人更有可能卷入车祸，有什么证据吗？;用名词作定语，其意义和功能有时相当于用形容词作定语。 race hatred =racial hatred launch pad =launching pad 发射台 但有时用名词作定语与用形容词作定语在意义和功能方面并不相同。 economy measure 节约措施 economic measure 经济措施;4.名词优势造成介词优势;介词与名词结合，组成介词短语。成串的介词短语又常常与弱化动词（be,seem,look等）和“乏味的名词”（ponderous nouns)连用： In view of the fact that Mr.Jones is not very well, i am taking the opportunity of replying on hia behalf. ;“名词+介词”的优势常见于英语里大量的弱势短语： come into conflict with = conflict arrive at a decision =decide of a kindly nature =kind beyong the shadow of a doubt =certain due to the fact that=because;5.动词的弱化与虚化;英语还常常把动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词（empty verb)之后作宾语，如have a look,take a walk等。 试比较： After he had a quarrel with his boss,Jack quit. After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. ;不当地使用添补词（expletives)和虚化动词的句式往往显得啰嗦而冗长，因而缺乏生气和动态感。 如： 啰嗦：There are numerous travel agencies that exist throughout the world. 简短：Numerous travel agencies exist throughout