腓尼基和巴勒斯坦.ppt

2、腓尼基人航海、商业和殖民活动 腓尼基各邦的工、商、航海事业很发达，他们的葡萄酒、橄榄油、高贵的紫红染料、玻璃制品等，盛销于远近各地。腓尼基商人从事海上贸易。 二、巴勒斯坦 1、以色列和犹太王国的兴衰 巴勒斯坦位于地中海东岸南部，北面是腓尼基，西南面是西奈半岛，东面是叙利亚草原。 公元前三千年代，迦南人已在巴勒斯坦定居。公元前十六世纪后期，埃及新王国向亚洲进行军事扩张，巴勒斯坦陷于埃及达二百年之久。 2、犹太教 　　希伯来人原来信奉多神，但也有一个主神耶和华。据说希伯来人在其先祖亚伯拉罕带领下进入巴勒斯坦时，为了加强内部团结，征服迦南人，便立耶和华为主神，并和耶和华立约：耶和华将迦南之地赐给亚伯拉罕及其子孙，立亚伯拉罕为多国之父；希伯来人尊奉耶和华为“全能的神”，男子行割礼作为守约和信仰的保证。 　　这是犹太教向一神教过渡的第一阶段，时间大约在公元前12世纪前后。 Persian Empire（波斯帝国） Began 560 BC Darius I Xerxes had conquered all of the civilized world from the Indus valley to the Danube River except for Greece Art architecture reflected their highly developed sense of self-esteem. Wanted to construct buildings of grandeur, but were not as ready as they thought- so they borrowed ideas from all areas of their realm The Stone Tablets of Darius Darius Palace at Susa mud-bricks from the Babylonians cedar roof beams from Lebanon precious materials from India and Egypt Gold from Sardis stone columns from Ionian Greeks Despite this the Persians produced an architecture that was original despite it’s eclecticism. Culture Followed the religion of Zoroaster who taught that the world’s two central forces were light and dark. Most elaborate architectural works were palaces; there were no temples. Persepolis was built on a stone platform 40 feet high and consisted of multicolumned buildings. Access to the platform was along a double stairway leading to the main gate which was knowns as “ All Lands”. 2、大流士的改革 为了加强帝国的专制统治，公元前518年起，大流士开始进行了一系列的改革。主要有：①实行军政分权的地方行政制度。把帝国分为20多个行省，各省由皇帝委派总督统治，总督身边都有“皇室秘书”，皇帝给总督的命令由他们宣读。皇帝还在各地安置“皇帝的眼目”，加强对行省总督的督察。②废除以前以送礼的形式缴纳贡税的制度，正式规定了各行省纳税的项目和数目，并派员专管税收。 3、帝国的衰亡 衰亡从公元前5世纪前半期开始，当时波斯对新兴的希腊城邦发动了侵略战争，结果是庞大的帝国被小小的希腊打败。战争期间，巴比伦和埃及都爆发了反波斯的起义，埃及还一度恢复了独立。波斯从此走向解体。公元前5世纪后半期和4世纪前半期，波斯统治阶级内部争权夺利的斗争十分激烈。 　　马其顿兴起后，亚历山大东侵，波斯帝国终在公元前330年被灭亡。 Persepolis Plan of Persepolis Types of Columns, Persepolis 6th to the 5th Century B.C. Xerxes’s Hall of Hundred Columns Persepolis Ruins of Persepolis East stairway with Gate