翻译与批评----潜力与制约.ppt

3.The linguistic components Once the literary character of a translation has been decided, the critic may turn to a secondary category- the language style. This has to do with its linguistic features and their equivalents in the target language , namely , examining in detail how the translation process has represented the linguistic peculiarities of the source language in the target language. (P48) Translation is basically possible only because there are parallels between languages on the level of langue . The act of translating involves choosing the optimal equivalent from among the potential equivalents on the level of parole.(Kade, 1964 , p. 137) P49 Every act of translating involves first recognizing the potential equivalents, and then selecting from among them the best adapted to the particular context, also considering how well each element in the translation unit fits the overall context. P.51 The interaction of both these factors（the linguistic components and the non-linguistic determinants ）and the way they are deal with by the translator provide critics with two further categories of translation criticism：linguistic and pragmatic. P. 51 3.1 The semantic elements Considering （or ignoring）the semantic component of a text is a critical factor in preserving the content and meaning of the original text. P.53 To determine semantic equivalence the linguistic context must be examined, because this is where it can be seen most clearly what the author intends by what said. P. 53 Microcontext usually embraces only the words in the immediate context, only rarely extending beyond the limits of a sentence, while the macrocontext can include not only the paragraph but the whole of the text. P. 53 Since we are concerned specifically with the evaluation of translation materials that texts in a fixed written form, any judgment with regard to the effectiveness of the semantic component should also make allowance for the fact that , many “meanings” are should