写作 Chapter Three Base1.pptVIP

* Chapter Three Producing Effective Sentences Base 1: Readability Part II Building Good Sentence This chapter will show you how to achieve effectiveness in sentences: ★ readability ★ coherence ★ emphasis ★ concision ★ variety Five Steps Five Bases If you work on vivid specific sentences, your writing will be readable. 2. If you organize and connect the specific evidence, your writing will have coherence. 3. If you arrange, repeat, separate ideas effectively and control the use of passive voice, the important information in your writing will be emphasized. 4. If you cut empty words and filler phrases, eliminate unnecessary or confusing repetition and redundancy, simplify word groups and sentences and replace negatives with affirmatives, you will have concise writing. 5. If you vary sentence length and emphasis, sentence openings, invert the normal word order and vary the advanced types of sentences with simpler forms, your writing will be varied, lively and interesting. This chapter will discuss these five bases and will show how the five bases can be used to achieve effectiveness in writing. 1. Being Specific and Vivid 2. Using Imagination 3. Using Strong Active Verbs 4. Being Forceful Base 1: Readability Working on Readability 1. Being Specific and Vivid Activity Look at the following examples of specifics and consider why these writings are made so readable. Being Specific and Vivid Example 1 In his essay A Hanging, George Orwell describes a dog that “came bounding among us with a loud volley of barks, and leapt round us wagging its whole body, wild with glee at finding so many human beings together.” Comment: The verb leapt, plus the verbal adjectives, enable the reader to visualize the energy and excitement of the dog. Being Specific and Vivid Example 2 Thomas Heggen, in the introduction to Mr Roberts, writes, “Surely an artillery shell fired at Hanover ripples the air here. Surely a bomb dropped on Okinawa trembles