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GI tract GI tract Model for Invasive CandidiasisBlijlevens, Donnelly, De Pauw. Brit J Haematol 2002;117:259-64 insult injury translocation infection antibiotics selection Normal commensal flora Disease Central venous catheter Candida species GI tract Lancet Infect Dis. 2003. 3: 685-702 Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013. 10(2):112-122 Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013. 10(2):112-122 念珠菌来源 外源性:导管位置、导管护理 内源性:胃肠粘膜保护、肠内营养 定植 高负荷定植 感染 提 要 ICU与感染 危重病人侵袭性真菌感染 念珠菌来源 抗真菌药物及选择 关于氟康唑 系统性抗真菌药:全球 isavuconazole ravuconazole fluconazole itraconazole posaconazole L-AMB ABCD ABLC voriconazole caspofungin micafungin anidulafungin Amphotericin B Azoles Candins AMB Phospholipid bilayer of the fungal cell membrane Fungal cell wall b-(1,3)-glucan b-(1,6)-glucan b-(1,3)-glucan synthase Glucan Synthesis Inhibitor Echinocadin Caspofungin Micafungin (FK463) Anidulafungin (LY303,306) Ergosterol Polyenes (AmB, LFAB) Azoles Fluconazole,Itraconazole Voriconazole Posaconazole Ravuconazole (BMS-207,147) Antifungal Mechanisms of Action:“Newer” Antifungal Agents nucleus Nucleoside Analogs Flucytosine Mayo Clin Proc. 2011; 86(8):805-817 General patterns of susceptibility of Candida Spp. IDSA Guidelines. CID 2009,48:503–35 CHIF-NET 2010 Journal of clinical microbiology. 2010, 48 (4):1366–1377 In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to ?uconazole and voriconazole Journal of clinical microbiology. 2010, 48 (4):1366–1377 IDSA:Candidiasis Guideline 2009 Site of infection 7087 (51.4% of 13 796 ) Respiratory tract 4503 63.5% Abdominal 1392 19.6% Bloodstream 1071 15.1% Renal/urinary tract 1011 14.3% Skin 467 6.6% Catheter-related 332 4.7% CNS 208 2.9% Distribution of Nosocomial Infections by Site in Medical-Surgical ICU in US Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:510-515. Distribution of Nosocomial Infections by Site in Medical-Surgical ICU in US Infections at three major sites represented 68% of all reported infections Nosocomial pneumonia 31% Urinary tract infections (UTIs) 23%
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