《chapter 4 wto》.pptVIP

Chapter 4 WTO Origin and development The only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations.国家之间贸易规则的唯一国际机构处理。 WTO came into being in 1995. The system developed through a series of trade negotiations: tariff reductions, anti-dumping and non-tariff measures. Negotiations continued after Uruguay Round. In February 1997 agreement was reached on telecommunications services, with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures. In 2000, new talks started on agriculture and services. Principles of the trading system Trade without discrimination Free trade Predictability Fair competition Encouraging development and economic reform Trade without discrimination MFN National treatment Article 1 in GATT Article 2 in GATs Article 4 in TRIPsExceptions: Trading blocs Trade at frontier Historical reasons National treatment Giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals Article 3 in GATT Article 17 in GATs Article 3 in TRIPs After entering the market Customs duty is not a violation. Free trade Lowering trade barriers First lowering tariffs Non-tariff barriers on trade Predictability Commitment Discourage the use of quotas and other measures Rules transparency Trade policy review mechanism Fair competition Rules on non-discrimination are designed to secure fair conditions of trade. MFN National treatment Dumping Subsidaries Government procurement /new/gjcg/253032.htm 《政府采购协议》（以下简称《协议》）给各缔约方在政府采购领域构建了拥有权利和履行义务的框架，其中涉及到缔约方国内的法律法规、采购流程以及采购实践。 《协议》的基础是非歧视原则。对于该《协议》所规范的采购项目，各缔约方应该给予其他缔约方的货物、服务以及供应商不少于本国货物、服务以及供应商的待遇（即国民待遇），此外，各缔约方均不能歧视对待其他缔约方的货物、服务以及供应商（即最惠国待遇）（第3条第1款）。 另外，各缔约方必须保证其采购机构不能基于外国属性和所有权成分的比重而在当地设立的供应商之间实行差别待遇，同时，也要保证其机构不能基于被提供的产品和服务生产国别而歧视在当地设立的供应商（第3条第2款）。 为了确保非歧视原则的有效执行，切实地保护外国的产品、服务以及供应商，该《协议》重点强调在各国政府采购法律法规、流程以及实践的领域内，提供透明化。 　GPA的性质主要表现在三个方面 第一，GPA是一个诸边协议。虽然它欢迎所有WTO签约方加入，但到2006年4月为止，只有38个WTO成员加入了该《协议》。 与WTO其他的协议相比，该《协议》的效力不仅受到缔约方数量的局限，而且还受到缔约方有限承诺的限制。 所有GPA缔约方的承诺都体现在各自加入《协议》文件的几个附录之中，附录中没有涉及的领域都不受GPA约束，因此，GPA的诸边性质有两个显著