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Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Oxford, UK and Malden, USABIOTBioethics0269-9702Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 20052005193202214Articles
IN DEFENSE OF POSTHUMAN DIGNITYNICK
BOSTROM
Bioethics ISSN 0269-9702 (print); 1467-8519 (online)
Volume 19 Number 3 2005
IN DEFENSE OF POSTHUMAN DIGNITY
NICK BOSTROM
ABSTRACT
Positions on the ethics of human enhancement technologies can be
(crudely) characterized as ranging from transhumanism to bioconserva-
tism. Transhumanists believe that human enhancement technologies
should be made widely available, that individuals should have broad
discretion over which of these technologies to apply to themselves, and that
parents should normally have the right to choose enhancements for their
children-to-be. Bioconservatives (whose ranks include such diverse writers
as Leon Kass, Francis Fukuyama, George Annas, Wesley Smith, Jeremy
Rifkin, and Bill McKibben) are generally opposed to the use of technology
to modify human nature. A central idea in bioconservativism is that
human enhancement technologies will undermine our human dignity. To
forestall a slide down the slippery slope towards an ultimately debased
‘posthuman’ state, bioconservatives often argue for broad bans on other-
wise promising human enhancements.
This paper distinguishes two common fears about the posthuman and
argues for the importance of a concept of dignity that is inclusive enough
to also apply to many possible posthuman beings. Recognizing the possi-
bility of posthuman dignity undercuts an important objection against
human enhancement and removes a distortive double standard from our
field of moral vision.
TRANSHUMANISTS VS. BIOCONSERVATIVES
Transhumanism is a loosely defined movement that has devel-
oped gradually ov
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