hyponymy[(词义之间的)下义关系.ppt

词 汇 学 Unit Four Word Meaning I. Word Meaning 1. A Word and Word Meaning 2. Motivation of Words 3. Analysis of word meaning and semantic field II. Makeup of Word Meaning 1.Grammatical meaning and Lexical Meaning 2.Conceptual meaning and Associative meaning 3. Connotative meaning ??? 4. Stylistic meaning 5. Affective meaning??? 6. Collocative meaning 1. A Word and Its Meaning Semantics Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. But lexicology will focus on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations such as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy[(词义之间的)下义关系,上下位关系]and semantic field all belong to the scope of semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology. 1)The relation between a word and its meaning Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect  ? sound, and the inner aspect ? meaning. 2) Words and concepts i) Words and concepts are inseparable. Concepts are embodied in words: we cannot think without words. Words are abstraction of things; a book is a book, not any particular kind of book like novel, pictorial, textbook.... ii) Words and concepts are not identical a) Only notional(表意的, 实义的)words reflect things. Form words are not related to any actual thing in real life. They are abstraction(提取)of grammatical relations. b) The same concept can be expressed by different words: underground(BrE), tube (BrE), subway (AmE), all mean the same thing. One word can also express various different concepts: “face” may signify: the front part of the head; outward appearance; the principal side of surface of anything: the front of a building, an arch, a cliff, etc.; the marked side of a playing card, watch, etc. 2. Word’s Motivation Polysemy(一词多义) The word polysemy is of Greek origin (GK. polys- ? many and sema- ? meaning) and means as its etymology show