国外教育心理学课件2-2【荐】.ppt

Educational Psychology 302 Session 2 Why Do We Need Research? Validate ________ theories Determine the effectiveness of instructional methods Explore and describe ___________ Historical Approaches to Assessing Value of Theories or Methods Common Sense Introspection Anecdotal Evidence _________ Research  Asks about social processes from within human interactions Theories in which data are collected and analyzed and then a theory develops that is grounded in the study Inductive and deductive ____________ sampling Participant observation and interviews [using handwritten notes and audiotape] Activities in Qualitative Research Data collection terminated when __________ is reached - number of participants smaller than for quantitative  Researcher is the major instrument  Researcher goes where data leads  Building a bigger picture from little pieces Questions suggest broader understanding and deeper insight into human experience Descriptive StudySeeks to understand the human experience in context - wholistically Researcher searches for rich, detailed in-depth and valid data according to the individuals perception Searching for pattern and meaning; being open to new ideas and theories - thinking inductively  Correlational Studies Tests __________ between two variables Tests inter-relatedness of two ideas, issues, ideas, events Types of Experimental Designs  1. Subjects are randomly assigned to 2 groups - experimental and control, 2. Pre-test/post-test design 3. Post-test only design 4. Factorial Design 5. Quasi-experimental designs True Experiments Have Three Elements Randomization ________ Manipulation Control is Attained by: allowing for no variation e.g., as in laboratory experiments specifying the variation to be allowed e.g., homogenous groups on that variable distributing the variation equally e.g., randomization To infer causality requires that: the causal variable (independent) and the effect variable (d