Chapter_19.ppt

第十九章 收入与歧视Earnings and Discrimination 今日美国的收入差别Differences in Earnings in the U.S. Today 普通医生一年挣到20万美元左右 The typical physician earns about $200,000 a year. 普通警官一年挣到5万美元左右 The typical police officer earns about $50,000 a year. 普通农场工人一年挣到2万美元左右 The typical farm worker earns about $20,000 a year. 什么造成收入差异如此之大？What causes earnings to vary so much? 工资取决于劳动力的供给和需求 Wages are governed by labor supply and labor demand. 劳动力的需求反映了劳动力的边际生产率 Labor demand reflects the marginal productivity of labor. 什么造成收入差异如此之大？ What causes earnings to vary so much? 在均衡状态下，每个工人得到的是他（她）对整个经济物品与服务生产的边际贡献的价值。 In equilibrium, each worker is paid the value of his or her marginal contribution to the economy’s production of goods and services. 决定均衡工资的若干因素Some Determinants of Equilibrium Wages 补偿性差别 Compensating differentials 人力资本 Human capital 能力，努力和机遇 Ability, effort, and chance 信号 Signaling 超级明星现象 The superstar phenomenon 补偿性差别Compensating Differentials 补偿性差别指不同工作的非货币特征所引起的工资差别。 Compensating differentials refer to differences in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs. 煤矿工人得到的工资高于其他有相似教育水平的工人 Coal miners are paid more than others with similar levels of education. 夜班工人的工资高于白班工人。 Night shift workers are paid more than day shift workers. 教授的工资低于律师和医生。 Professors are paid less than lawyers and doctors. 人力资本 Human Capital 人力资本是对人的投资的积累。Human capital is the accumulation of investments in people. 最重要的一类人力资本是教育。 The most important type of human capital is education. 人力资本 Human Capital 教育代表着为了提高未来生产率而在某一时间的资源付出。 Education represents an expenditure of resources at one point in time to raise productivity in the