unit 9 pragmatics【荐】.ppt

1. Wife: What’s on television? Husband : Nothing .（ Husband is reading a newspaper） 2. A: What’s on television? B: Nothing . All the TV stations are on strike. Definitions of Pragmatics Levinson (1983:6---27) listed about ten definitions about pragmatics: Definition 1: Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. 语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究。 Definition 2: Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory. 语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语意理论的意义侧面的研究。 Definition 3: Pragmatics is the study of deixis ( at least in part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. 语用学是对指示（ 至少是其中的一部分）、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结构各个侧面的研究。 Pragmatics is the study of meaning in use meaning in context speaker meaning contextual meaning Pragmatics studies communication (utterance production and comprehension) from a functional (i.e. social, cultural, cognitive) perspective. There are two concepts that are primary: meaning and context. From the viewpoint of development, the emergence of pragmatics is an extension in the research of meanings. However, the meanings studied in pragmatics are different from those of semantics. Semantics Vs pragmatics Semanticism: semantics includes pragmatics Pragmaticism: pragmatics includes semantics Complementarism: semantics studies meaning in the abstract; pragmatics studies meaning in the context/use. The meanings involved in pragmatics are not something abstract, or something independent of context, rather they are specific meanings, embodied in actual uses. Sense Reference 对所使用的语言的掌握 语言知识 对语言交际上文的了解