英语选题与论文写作.pptVIP

Other points to consider: Abstract lengths vary by disciplinary expectations and by the purpose of the paper; generally, though, 50-100 words for a short paper (a journal paper abstract, for example) and 150-200 for a longer one will serve as a guide. For a conference abstract, a word limit of 300-500 words is common. Contents of abstracts fall into two categories: indicative/descriptive (说明性) and informative. The indicative abstract helps readers to understand the scope of the original document so that they can determine whether to read it more thoroughly. Informative, on the other hand, includes the elements of the original research report: its objective, methods, results, and conclusions. Indicative/descriptive Abstract A indicative abstract describes the work being abstracted. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. But it does not give the main findings and conclusions. It is like a road map. This structural description is generally used only in a long self-contained literature review. Indicative abstracts are usually very short - 100 words or less. Postgraduate writing nearly always needs the informative type of abstract. Informative Abstracts It describes the purpose of the work, the methods, results, the main conclusion(s), and possibly the main recommendation(s) as briefly and quantitatively as possible. Actually, the majority of abstracts are informative. In a good informative abstract the writer presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the complete article/paper/book. It includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work. Sample: Indicative Comparison of different