全球服装和鞋类产业集群的研究和收益外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Learning and Earning in Global Garment and Footwear Chains Material Source：The European journal of development research Author：Hubert SchmitzThis article explores the power of the global value chain approach in explaining the growth of production capabilities and the distribution of gains. It suggests that the upgrading opportunities of local enterprises are structured by the relationships in global value chains. This is shown clearly for the case of the garment and footwear industry, where advances have been rapid in product and process upgrading but more limited in functional upgrading. With regard to the distribution of gains, the global value chain approach also provides clear hypotheses but the empirical evidence remains weak. INTRODUCTION It is universally acknowledged that the amount of trade that regions engage in has a fundamental effect on their economic development. There is much less knowledge about how trade is organized and how this affects economic development. Recent global value chain (GVC) analysis has made some important advances in this field. Its central proposition is that it matters how trade is organized: it matters for understanding market access, the acquisition of capabilities and the distribution of gains. In the thinking on trading relationships, one can broadly distinguish between three phases: Traditionally, the relationships between producers and customers are thought to be market-based. This assumption continues to prevail (though not always explicitly) in many textbooks concerned with international trade. In the 1970s and 1980s, the importance of intra-firm trade was highlighted in research on multinational corporations and their subsidiaries. In the 1990s, a new form of coordinated trade was shown to be of increasing importance: lead firms from developed countries coordinate (or govern) the trade with developing country firms that remain nominally independent. Over the past two decades, this latter form of trade has grown