六家与学术分途：从典到术士多元传统.pdfVIP

E10六家之我见

原文精选

ARevisionofLiuHsinsTheory

对理论的修正

Likewisethereweredifferentkindsofchiabecausetheseteacherswere

specialistsinvaryingbranchesoflearningandofthearts.Thustherewere

somewhowerespecialistsintheteachingoftheclassicsandthepracticingof

ceremoniesandmusic.Thesewereknownasthejuorliterati.Therewerealso

specialistsintheartofwar.Thesewerethehsiehorknights.Therewere

specialistsintheartofspeaking,whowereknownasthepien-cheordebaters.

Therewerespecialistsinmagic,divination,astrology,andnumerology,who

wereknownasthefang-shih,orpractitionersofoccultarts.Therewerealso

thepracticalpoliticianswhocouldactasprivateadviserstothefeudalrulers,

andwhowereknownasfa-shuchihshihor“menofmethods.”Andfinally,

thereweresomemenwhopossessedlearningandtalent,butwhowereso

embitteredbythepoliticaldisordersoftheirtimethattheyretiredfromhuman

societyintotheworldofnature.Thesewereknownastheyin-cheorhermitsor

recluses.

既然这些各有自己的专长，又是各人发挥自己的思想见解，于是有些以

讲授经书、礼乐见长，他们被称为“儒”或“士”；还有些精通兵法或武艺，他

们被称为“侠”；还有些擅长辩论，被称为“辩者”；另有些人以巫医、、

占卜、术数见长，他们的知识被称为“方术”，这些人被称为“方士”；还有一些人

凭对的实际知识，献捭阖之策，成为诸侯的顾问或，被称为“

之士”；最后，还有些人，具有学识才干，而对当时的现实失望，遁入山林，

被称为“隐者”。

Accordingtomytheory,itisfromthesesixdifferentkindsofpeoplethatthesix

schoolsofthoughtaslistedbySsu-maTanoriginated.ParaphrasingLiuHsin,

therefore,Iwouldsay:

按照我的理论，从这六种人里面，形成了司马谈所称的六家。套用的，

我们可以说：

MembersoftheJuschoolhadtheiroriginintheliterati.

儒家者流，盖出于文士；

MembersoftheMohistschoolhadtheiroriginintheknights.

墨家者流，盖出于游侠之士；

Members