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9576_C04.fmPage216Monday,October17,20059:12AM

216 ElectricPowerDistributionEquipmentandSystems

itance.TestsbytheSouthernCaliforniaEdisonCompanyonthree-phasetransformerswithungroundedprimaryconnectionsfoundthatferroreso-nanceoccurredwhenthecapacitivepowerperphaseexceededthetrans-former’sno-loadlossesperphasebythefollowingrelationship(Jufer,1994):

NBC31.27PL

N

Thephase-to-groundcapacitanceofoverheadtransformersisprimarilyduetothecapacitancebetweentheprimaryandsecondarywindings(thesecondarywindingsarealmostatzeropotential).Atypical25-kVAtrans-formerhasaphase-to-groundcapacitanceofabout2nF(Wallingetal.,1995).Fora7.2-kVline-to-groundvoltage,0.002μFis39vars.So,iftheno-loadlossesarelessthan39vars/1.27=30.7Wperphase,thetransformermayferroresonateundersingle-poleswitching.

Normally,ferroresonanceoccursonthree-phasetransformers,butferrores-onancecanoccuronsingle-phasetransformersiftheyareconnectedphasetophase,andoneofthephasesisopenedeitherremotelyoratthetransformer.Jufer(1994)foundthatsmallsingle-phasepadmountedtransformerscon-nectedphasetophaseferroresonatewhenremotelyswitchedwithrelativelyshortcablelengths.Theirtestsofsilicon-steelcoretransformersfoundthata25-kVAtransformerresonatedwith50ft(15m)of1/0XLPEcableat12kV.A50-kVAtransformerresonatedwith100ftofcable,anda75-kVAunitresonatedwith150ftofthecable.Peakprimaryvoltagesreached3to4perunit.Secondary-sidepeakswereallunder2perunit.Longercablesproducedslightlyhighervoltagesduringferroresonance.Juferfoundthatferroresonancedidn’toccuriftheresistiveloadinwattsperphase(includingthetransformer’sno-loadlossesandtheresistiveloadonthesecondary)exceeded1.15times

thecapacitivevarsperphase(PNL+PL1.15BC).Bohmannetal.(1991)

describesafeederwheresingle-

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