新编英语演讲与辩论（第二版）课件 Chapter 10 Refutation and Point of Information.pptx

Chapter10RefutationandPointofInformation

目录CONTENT01Warm-Up02BurdenofRefutationandRejoinder03RefutationStrategies04PresentingtheRefutation05PointofInformation06Exercises

Warm-up

BWhatisarejoinderandwhatisitsfunction?CWhatstrategiescanbeemployedtomakearefutation?DWhatarethepurposesofpointofinformation(POI)inadebate?EWhencanthedebatermakeaPOItothespeaker?AWhatarethepurposesandfunctionsofrefutation?

BurdenofRefutationandRejoinder

Rejoinderisarefutationofarefutation.Eachdebater,afterthePMandLO,bearstheburdenofrejoinder,whichmeanstheresponsibilitytorespondtothechallengefromtheopponenttotheirpartner.Rejoinderadvancestheconceptofrefutationonestepfurtherasitrequiresdebaterstosynthesizetheirargumentsinasystematicway,alwaysreadytoanswernewchallengestoarguments.RejoinderFirst,refutationcanweaken,destroy,orevenoverthrowanargument;Second,refutationcanbeusedtorebuildanargument,thatis,torevalidateanargumentthathasbeenrefutedbyotherdebaters.Refutation

RefutationStrategies

ToulminModelofArgumentConstruction(revised)Claim:themainpointorfundamentalthesisoftheargumentEvidence:anymaterial(facts,dataorreasoning)usedtosupporttheclaimLink:thepartoftheargumentshowingtherelationshipbetweentheclaimandevidence.Itcanbebasedongeneralization,principle,sign,analogy,authority,orcausality.EvidenceClaimLink

Mostfallaciesinargumentsoccurinassemblingevidence,orlinkingtheevidencetotheclaim.Aneffectivewaytorefuteanargumentistolocatetheproblemsinitsevidenceorlink.

MisuseofEvidencemissingevidence01excludedevidence02beggingthequestion03strawman04redherring059hastygeneralization10accident6adhominenattack7appealtothepeople8argumentfromignorance

ExamplesoffallaciesHetoldusthetruthbecausehewouldn’tlietous.Youdon’tknowanything