地理学课件-生物圈.pptVIP

＊蛙和鲑的卵在有光的条件下才能正常发育，并比在无光的条件下快些。 ＊蝗虫迁飞的时候，如果太阳被云遮住，立即停止飞行。 ＊蝙蝠在傍晚天空光照为3000m烛光以下，才出现于空中。 * 自然地理 (Physical geography)的四个主要次领域(sub-field)： 气候学(climatology) 水文学(hydrology) 地形学(geomorphology) 生物地理(biogeography) 生物的特性 Have a highly organized internal structure and organization. Have characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell. Metabolism Can capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival, growth, and reproduction. Reproduction The production of offspring by one or more parents Mutation Random changes in the structure or number of DNA molecules and through recombinations of existing genes during reproduction. 名词定义 Organism 生物体 Any form of life Can be classified into species. Population群体 Consists of all members of the same species occupying a given area at the same time. The place where a population typically lives is known as habitat（栖地）. 名词定义 Community（群落） Populations of all the different species occupying and interacting in a particular place. Ecosystem（生态系） A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy. 名词定义 生物区（Biome） the major environmental zones of the earth marked by a distinctive plant cover (Haggett, 2001) 生物地理 (biogeography) The study of the distribution and abundance of plants, animals and other organisms. To understand the patterns and processes of distribution and factors that cause and maintain those patterns and processes. 生物圈 指地球上所有生物生存空间的总和。 因生物的生存需要气圈中的气体、水圈的水及岩石圈的营养物质(nutrients)，因此乃处于气圈、水圈及岩石圈的交集处。 影响生物生存的因子 气候因子: 温度、湿度、光等 土壤因子: 理化性质、构造等 地形因子: 起伏、高度、坡度等 生物因子: 捕食、寄生、竞争等 人为因子: 目前成为最重要因子 陆域生物 影响陆域生物生存与分布的最重要因子： 雨量 温度 陆域生物区（Biome）或生态系(Ecosystem）先以雨量分区再以温度分区。 陆域生物区 沙漠 (Desert): 250mm/yr 极地(Polar desert) 温带沙漠 (Temperate desert) 热带沙漠(Tropical desert) 草原 (Grassland): 250~750mm/yr 寒原(Polar grassland/ Tundra) 温带草原 (Temperate grassland) 热带草原 (Tropical grassland/ Savanna) 森林 (Forest): 750mm/yr 北方针叶林 (No