曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文).pdf

宏观经济学 第十五章 MEASUREING A NATION ’S INCOME 一国收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值 GDP ：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值 Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。 Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。 Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口） 。 Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义 GDP ：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际 GDP ：按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。 GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP 平减指数：用名义 GDP 与实际 GDP 的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。 第十六章 MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING 生活费用的衡量 CPI is measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. 消费物价指数 CPI ：一个典型消费者所购买的一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于某个基年同样 一篮子产品与服务的价格。 Inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period. 通货膨胀率：前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比。 Producer price index (PPI) is a measure of the cost of a