第二讲肌肉骨骼系统受力分析532202948.pptVIP

1.7 脊柱的静力学问题 1、脊柱的特点 颈椎 1~7 cervical vertebrae 胸椎 1~12 thoracic vertebrae 脊椎 腰椎 1~5 lumbar vertebrae 骶骨 sacral 尾骨 coccygeal 作用：保护脊髓，支撑头、颈和上部躯干 由多个从合关节(amphiarthrodial jionts)构成，整体来看具有杵臼关节的特点 2、寰枕关节与寰枢关节 寰枕关节 atlantooccipital joint 寰椎 cervical vertebrae i.e. atlas 枕骨髁 （两个）condyloid occipital 允许前、后与侧向的摆动 i.e. in sagittal frontal planes 寰枢关节 atlantoaxial 寰椎 枢椎齿突 odontoid process 柱状关节，允许水平面上的转动 transversal plane 相关骨骼肌 头部肌群 头颈肌群 竖脊肌群 腰肌 腹部肌群 3. 相关的骨骼肌 头部 肌肉 起点 止点 功能 头夹肌 Splenius capitus 下部颈椎和上部胸椎 Spines of upper thoracic vertebrae 乳突后侧和上项线 Back of mastoid process and superior nuchal line 使头部伸、旋转和侧弯 胸锁乳突肌 Sternoclei-domastoid 胸骨柄前，锁骨上侧端 two heads from manubrium and upper surface of clavicle 乳突和上项线外侧1/3 outer surface of mastoid process and lateral 1/3of superior nuchal line 旋转、侧弯头颈，提胸骨及肋骨 支配头部运动的其他肌群 4. 舌骨上肌群和舌骨下肌群 功能：提升及沉降舌骨 suprahyoid muscles and infrahyoid muscles 5. 肩胛提肌 Levator scapulae (as we have known) 6. 腹部肌群 腹外斜肌 External oblique Outer surface of lower 8ribs 髂脊和白线 Passes down and medially to iliac crest and linea alba Flex and laterally flex lumbar vertebrae (弯腰和侧弯腰)；compress abdomen to expel contents; (压缩腹部协助排便) obliques are main rotators of lumbar spine（腰椎） 腹内斜肌 Internal oblique 胸腰筋膜、髂脊 Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest Passes up and medially to lower 3 ribs and linea alba 腹横肌 Transversus abdominis 下6条肋内面、胸腰筋膜、髂脊、腹股沟韧带外侧 Deep on costal (肋) cartilages, illiac crest and inguinal （腹股沟） ligament 腹直肌外侧缘变为腱膜止于白线Aponeurosis(腱膜) of internal intercostal 腹直肌 Rectus abdominus 耻骨结合线，耻骨脊 Pubic symphysis and pubic crest 剑突和第5～7肋软骨 Sternum and lower costal cartilages Flex lumbar spine, compress abdomen 7. 竖脊肌 erector spinae muscles 一组肌群包括： 棘肌 spinalis 胸最长肌 longissimus thoracis 头最长肌 longissimus capitus 髂肋肌 iliocostalis 起点：骶骨背面，髂脊后部 止点：椎骨，肋骨，枕骨 伸展，旋转以及侧弯脊柱 该肌群的具体起止点位置请参照手册 头半棘肌 Semispinalis capitus C3-7及T1-6横突 Transverse processes of lower 4 cervical and upper 6 thoracic vertebrae 枕骨上下项线间，斜方肌深面 Between supe