吕振华--第六章--篇章与语用444-语篇连贯性.pptxVIP

华北水利水电大学外国语学院 吕振华;复习;复习 语篇粘连性对比;复习 练习 ;Why Historians Disagree;From this experience a number of conclusions seem obvious; the study of history is the study of “facts” about the past; the more facts you know, the better you are as a student of history. The professional historian is simply one who brings together a very large number of facts. Therefore students often become confused upon discovering that historians disagree sharply even when they are dealing with the same event. ; 2 Their common sense reaction to this state of affairs is to conclude that one historian is right while the other is wrong. and presumably, historians are wrong, will have their “facts” wrong. This is seldom the case, however. historians usually argue reasonably and persuasively. ;Moreover, they often find that contending historians more or less agree on the facts; that is, they use the same data. They come to different conclusions because they view the past from a different perspective. History, which seemed a cut–and-dried matter of memorizing facts now ……;3 This position is hardly satisfying. They cannot help but feel that two diametrically opposed points of view about an event cannot both be right; yet they lack the ability to decide between them. ; 4 To understand why historians disagree, students must consider a problem they have more or less taken for granted. They must ask themselves what history really is.; 5 In its broad sense, history denotes the whole of the human past. More restricted is the notion that history is the recorded past, that is, that part of human life which has left some sort of record such as folktales, artifacts, or written documents. Finally, history may be defined as that which historians write about the past. Of course the three meanings are related. ;Historians must base on the remains of the past, left by people. Obviously they cannot know everything for the same reason that not every event, every happening, was fully and completely recorded. Therefore