新标准大学英语(第二版)综合教程2 Unit 2 B篇练习答案及课文翻译.pptx

Contents;Warming Up;Warming Up;Warming Up;Warming Up;Warming Up;Text;Text;Text;Text;Text;2 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child’s tears. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else’s, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a one- year-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend’s mother, who was also in the room. ; This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears.;3 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener’s theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can be felt for the general plight of another with no sharing whatever of what that other person is feeling. ;4 Motor mimicry fades from toddlers’ repertoire at around two and a half years, at which point they realize that someone elses pain is different from their own, and are better able to comfort them. A typical incident, from a mother’s diary: 5 A neighbor’s baby cries and Jenny approaches and tries to give him some cook