研究方法讲座.ppt

Introduction Background to the question Literature review Statement of research questions (Research hypotheses) Method Subjects (Sampling, informants, participants) Data collection methods: questionaires, interview, observation, stimulated recalls, diary studies , narrative inquiry Materials and procedure Data analysis method Results and Discussion Results Discussion Conclusion Summary of research findings Implications Research limitations Suggestions for future research Acknowledgements “We gratefully acknowledge the help of Batia Laufer who not only discussed the issues with us but also kindly sent us a number of her related publications. We are also grateful to Pat Snipe for her comments on an early version of this article.” References Brown, H.D. (1981). Affective factors in second language learning. In J. Alatis, H. Altman, P. Alatis (Eds.), The second language classroom: Directions for the eighties (pp.111-129). New York: Oxford University Press. Wardhaugh, R. (1986). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. Norton, B. (1997). Language, identity, and the ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 31, 409-429. Appendices Sample of instruments used (e.g., questionnaire, interview outline) Sample of data (e.g., speech transcripts, student diaries, compositions, pictures, fieldnotes) List of special terms or abbreviations Additional tables and figures EVALUATION OF RESEARCH Reliability Validity Reliability Reliability refers to the concern for consistency in any piece of research. External reliability refers to the consistency with which the study can be replicated by others. Internal reliability refers to the consistency with which the same data would be analysed by an independent researcher. Validity Validity refers to the concern for ‘truth’ rather than consistency. Internal validity is concerned with how well the research actually accounts for what it purports to account for. In experimental paradigms, a study is said to have intern