神经源性膀胱的康复进展.pptVIP

代偿性排尿训练 Crede手法：双手拇指置于髂嵴处，其余手指放在膀胱顶部（脐下方），逐渐施力向内下方压，也可用拳头由脐部深按压向耻骨方向滚动。加压时须缓慢轻柔，避免使用暴力和耻骨上直接加压。过高的膀胱压力可导致膀胱损伤和尿液返流到肾脏。 现在有人不主张使用 水出入量控制训练 定时、定量饮水和定时排尿制度是各种膀胱训练的基础措施。 膀胱安全生理容量400 ml，每次饮水量以450~500 ml为宜，以使其后排尿时的膀胱容量达到400 ml左右。每日总尿量1000 ml左右。 饮水和排尿的间隔一般在1~3 h，与体位和气温有关。卧位和气温低时排尿间隔缩短，反之延长。 膀胱处理 制度：定时定量饮水，定时排尿 药物：抗乙酰胆碱药、拟乙酰胆碱药、抗痉挛药、 α受体阻滞剂等 导尿：清洁导尿、保留导尿、耻骨上造瘘 膀胱训练技术：耻骨区叩击、触摸 手法挤压技术 盆底肌训练技术 肛门牵拉技术 电刺激技术：直肠、骶丛、植入、体表 手术：尿道、膀胱 植入式可程控的骶神经调节系统 用于治疗保守治疗无效或不能耐受保守治疗的非梗阻性尿潴留、膀胱过度活动症的症状，包括急迫性尿失禁、尿频尿急 植入电极 7th World Congress of International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine June 16-20, 2013 Beijing, China * WELCOME TO ISPRM2013, BEIJING * * * * * Bladder anatomy and innervation The parasympathetic pelvic nerve causes contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle, primarily through the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on a subset of acetylcholine receptors known as muscarinic receptors. The sympathetic hypogastric nerve stimulates urethral smooth muscle and inhibits the bladder detrusor muscle; these steps are mediated by alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors, respectively. The somatic pudendal nerve stimulates the striated muscle of the external urethral sphincter, mediated by acetylcholine activating nicotinic receptors. There are 2 major types of sensory nerves in the bladder. These are A delta fibers, which are larger and unmyelinated, and c-fibers, which are smaller in diameter and unmyelinated. Normally, it is primarily A delta afferents that signal the periaqueductal gray area of the brain when the bladder is full. C-fiber afferents play a lesser role in a healthy neurourinary system. In multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and other cases of spinal disruption, the C-fiber afferents short circuit the signals to the periaqueductal gray area and form a local circuit in the lumbosacral area via parasympathetic efferents. This causes the voiding process to go outside of cerebral control. Control of the voiding process by the periaqueductal gray