lea好rningandmemory-1ff.ppt

Learning and Memory学习和记忆 Learning and Memory Learning Learning is the acquisition of altered behavior as a result of experience and occurs by rewiring of neural pathways (plasticity). The changes are stored (memory) as a trace, or engram. Previously learned behaviors are recalled by appropriate stimuli. 学习，作为体验的结果，是一种行为改变的收获，它通过神经通路的回应而发生（重塑）。这种变化作为记忆痕迹或印迹而储存（记忆）。以前的习得性行为通过适当的刺激而被回忆起来。 Memory Memory is the storage of the altered behavior over time. The biological substrate of memory is the engram, or memory trace. 记忆是储存过去的行为改变。记忆的生物学底物是记忆印迹或记忆痕迹。 Questions 1. What are the major forms of learning? 学习的主要形式是什么 2. What types of information about environment 　　are learned most easily? 有关环境中何种类型的信息最容易学？ 3. Do different types of learning give rise to different memory processes? 不同类型的学习引起了不同的记忆进程吗？ 4. How is memory stored and retrieved? 记忆是如何储存和恢复的？ 5. What is mechanism of learning and memory? 学习和记忆的机制是什么？ Types of learning 学习的类型 Learning Nonassociative learning 非联合型学习 Associative learning 联合型学习 Nonassociative learning occurs in response to only a single kind of stimuli. It has no definite relationship between stimuli and response. －非联合型学习仅对一种简单的刺激发生反应。 在刺激和反应之间没有明确的关系。 Nonassociative learning 非联合型学习 Habituation 习惯化 Senstization 敏感化 Habituation is a decrease in response to a benign stimulus when that stimulus is presented repeatedly. 习惯化是当良性刺激重复出现时，对该刺激的反应逐渐减弱的现象。 For example, most people are startled when they first hear the sound of a firecracker on the Fourth of July, Independence Day in the US, but the celebration progresses they gradually become accustomed to the noise. 例如，7月4日是美国独立日，很多人第一次听到爆竹声时感到很吃惊，但随着庆典的进行，他们逐步习惯了这一噪声。 Sensitization 敏感化 Sensitization is an enhanced response to a wide variety of stimuli after the presentation of an intense or noxious stimulus. 敏感化是在一个强烈的或有害的刺激发生后对多种刺激的反应增强。 For example, an animal res