语法性与语用性-浙江大学.PDFVIP

1 语法性与语用性 —论汉语名词短语有定解读的实质 浙江大学 吴义诚 提要 语法学着力于对语言成分恒常表现的细致描写，并在此基础上挖掘和解释语言内在的 组织规律。本文通过对比英语中的[the+N]结构与汉语中可作有定解读的种种名词短语，探 讨语言学界有关量词的两极认识即 “实词说”与“冠词说”的根源所在。笔者指出：（1）由 于英语定冠词the 是语法化了的有定标记，即“有定性”（definiteness ）是其内在的语法属性， [the+N]短语无需语境支持即可作有定理解，本质上是 “语法有定表达式”；（2 ）汉语光杆量 词和[量+名]结构脱离语境时与“有定性”没有任何关系，既不能作有定解读也不能作无定 解读，而只能在一定的语用条件下或明晰语境中作有定解读，因此它们作有定解读时本质上 是 “语用有定表达式”。笔者进一步指出，语法学研究要严格区分语法性与语用性：语法性 主要是指语言成分的内在属性，是与语境无关的恒常表现；相反，语用性则是语言成分在具 体语境里的随机表现。国内外语言学界将汉语量词等同于英语定冠词的分析，是将语用现象 误作语法现象的结果。 关键词 量词 定冠词 有定性 语法属性 随机表现 Grammaticality versus pragmaticality On the nature of the definitely interpreted NPs in Sinitic languages Abstract: Over the past three decades, it has been claimed in the Chinese linguistic literature that numeral classifiers in some Sinitic languages such as Wu and Cantonese are functionally equivalent to the definite article in the English language, based on the observation that bare classifiers or [Cl+N] expressions can be interpreted as definite under some circumstances. Have carefully examined the data presented in the relevant literature, I contend that (i) the alleged “definiteness” is actually not the inherent property or grammatical feature of numeral classifiers themselves, but is expressed via pragmatic contexts or under pragmatic restrictions; (ii) “definiteness” is the defining property of the definite article but not the numeral classifiers, so [the+N] expressions can denote definiteness without the help of context, whereas [Cl+N] expressions, if out of context, have nothing to do with “definiteness” or “indefiniteness”, and if placed in a certain context, can be interpreted as definite or indefinite; (iii) with reference to the