复仇与东汉社会-中国史专业论文.docxVIP

万方数据 万方数据 摘要 矛盾无处不在，当其积累到一定程度有可能发展为仇恨，复仇是处理仇恨 的一种直接方式，也是人与人之间的矛盾所能产生的最激烈的结果。复仇包括 为自己复仇和为他人复仇两大类，在复他人之仇时，又可根据受害者与自身的 关系分为血亲复仇和非血亲复仇。血亲复仇自氏族社会便已存在，随着社会发 展，阶级和国家产生，人们的社会关系越来越复杂，为君主、师长、朋友等非 血亲关系人复仇也被囊括在复仇大义中。 东汉复仇风俗十分盛行，相关记载不绝于书，复仇者遍布全国，自少年至 老者，尽皆有之。无论是皇帝大臣，抑或贩夫走卒，都可能成为复仇者或复仇 对象，甚至出现了以复仇为业者和统一的组织。《公羊传》复仇大义的传播和 《白虎通义》等官方统治思想的肯定是东汉复仇盛行的思想因素，但全社会对 复仇风尚的推崇对东汉政府的统治造成了压力。杀人报仇是最常见的一种复仇 手段，这种行为严重触犯了法律，东汉各级统治者尤其是基层官吏在处理杀人 复仇行为时常常处于两难境地，为此汉章帝制定《轻侮法》，对复仇杀人宽大 处理，这一举动带来了复仇事件的激增，严重影响了社会秩序，终于在和帝时 被废止。但终东汉一朝，在面对复仇行为时，道义与法理的冲突一直未曾平息。 除了与法律的冲突，复仇风俗对东汉政治、艺术等方面也产生了深刻的影 响，不仅造成当时朝局的变动，复仇精神也通过杂史小说和诗歌、音乐等方式 保存了下来，成为东汉社会的一个鲜明特色。 关键词：东汉；复仇；公羊学；法律；政治；艺术 I Abstract Contradiction happens everywhere. When it has been accumulated to a certain extent, it may turn into hatred. Revenge is often the last resort for hatred and the most intense consequence for contradiction. There are two kinds of revenge, one is for himself and for others, who include the avengers consanguinity and others. This classification is derived from the relationship between victims and the avengers. Consanguinity revenge is widely existed since the clan society. With the development of the society, and the class generation, anthropic social relations has been becoming increasingly complicated. Non-binding relations, such as monarch, teacher and friends were also included in the revenge. Revenge custom was very prevailing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many records of revenge in the history books about Eastern Han. From young to old, the avengers crossed the country. Everyone may become either an avenger or being avenged, including the emperor, the minister and ordinary people. Furthermore, it appeared technical avengers and unified organization. The spirit of vengeance, spread by Gongyang Zhuan and sustained by the official ideology such as BaiHuTongYi, were ideological reasons for the popularity of revenge in Eastern Han. However, peoples enthusiasm for revenge brought Eastern Han Dynasty ruling pressure. Killing people w