跨文化商务交际Chapter-4-Contrasting-Cultural-Values.pptVIP

Contents 1. Cultural values 1.1 Comparison between Chinese values and western values 1.2 Comparison between Chinese values and American values 2. Cultural dimension 2.1 Power distance 2.1.1 Small power distance culture 2.1.2 Large power distance culture 2.2 Individualism versus collectivism 2.2.1 Individualistic culture 2.2.2 Collectivist culture 2.3 Masculinity versus femininity 2.3.1 Masculine culture 2.3.2 Feminine culture 2.4 Uncertainty avoidance 2.4.1 Low uncertainty avoidance 2.4.2 High uncertainty avoidance Introduction 1. Definition of value One’s principles or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life. --Concise Oxford Dictionary Values are generally normative, i.e. values set norms. In other words, values deal with what is required or forbidden, what is judged to be good or bad, right or wrong, positive or negative. In any given society, values represent the standards by which behavior is evaluated and not necessarily the actual behavior. Examples We all know that we should do everything to protect our country. When it is necessary, we should be ready to sacrifice our lives for her. So loving our country is a value we have been taught since we were young. --patriotism Another one, filial piety is another important value in China. If someone treats his or her parents badly, we tend to be critical of him or her. 2. Values form the core of culture. Values, the innermost “skin of the onion”, lies at the core of a culture. Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. The core “values” are invisible and cannot be touched. In other words, values are abstract. So values are the deepest manifestations of culture and the most difficult to understand by an outsider who do not belong to this group. 3. Three types of value