语言学概论知识汇总(英文).docxVIP

第一章Invitation to LinguisticsDefinition of language：Language is a system of vocal (and written) symbols with meaning attached that is used for human communication of thoughts and feelings.Design features of language(语言的普遍特征)：Arbitrariness 任意性：The forms of linguistic signs generally bear no natural relationship to the meanings they carryDuality 二重性：Human language has two levels of structures: the primary meaningful level of morphemes, words, phrases, sentences and the secondary meaningless level of sounds. The units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level, and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.Creativity 创造性：Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.Displacement移位性：Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication.Functions of languageInformative functionInterpersonal function人际功能Performative (行为) functionEmotive functionPhatic (寒暄) functionRecreational functionMetalingual function（元语言功能）指用语言去说明或解释语言的功能Main branches of linguistics：Main branches of linguistics (microlinguistics微观) and interdisciplinary（跨领域、跨学科）fields of linguistics (macrolinguistics宏观)1) Main branches of linguistics:(1) Phonetics发音学，语音学;(2) Phonology;（音位学、语音体系）(3) Morphology 词法/ Lexicology词汇学;(4) Syntax句法;(5) Semantics语义学(6)Pragmatics语用学：研究特定情境中的特定话语，在不同的语言交际环境中如何理解和运用语言附：phonetics与phonology的区别：phonology：从功能角度出发，对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguisticcommunication phonetics:研究语言的自然属性，人是如何发出声音的，音与音之间如何组合，如何分类等等。the study of the characteristics of human sounds used in speech简单说，如果一个人发音不准，对于phonologist来说，并没有什么影响，因为他只研究语音表达的意思，只要这个意思表达了，它的功能就达到了。他不研究语音的发音，只研究语音的功用。而对photicist来说，发音非常重要，发音不同，则研究对象不同，因为他就是研究声音的！！！2) Interdisciplinary fields of linguistics (macrolinguistics):(1) Psycholinguistics语言心理学: Study o