Chapter 18 Mass Extinctions, Opportunities and Adaptive Radiations：18章大灭绝，机遇和适应辐射.pptVIP

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Chapter 18 Mass Extinctions, Opportunities and Adaptive Radiations：18章大灭绝，机遇和适应辐射.ppt

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Chapter 18 Mass Extinctions, Opportunities and Adaptive Radiations：18章大灭绝，机遇和适应辐射

* Ordo- sea level falls; KT, Dev, PT, T - Asteroid; KT, T, PT - Flood Basalt The Final Vertebrate Fliers – The Bats The oldest known bat fossil (53 Mya), Onychonycteris finneyi , discovered in Wyoming, has wings like a modern bat but lacks adaptations for echolocation The two sub-orders of bats are Megachiroptera (“megabats”) and Microchiroptera (“microbats”) Megabats most commonly eat fruit; have no echolocation, larger eyes than the microbats, and a longer snout The microbats possess echolocation (except for Rousettes and relatives), eat insects, blood, small mammals, and fish, lack the claw at the second forelimb, have poor eyesight, and possess a broader snout than the megabats Megachiroptera Microchiroptera The First Fliers – The Insects Arthropods exploit almost every conceivable ecological habitat Insects evolved from crustaceans and the first fossil dates to the Devonian, ~400 Mya Insects underwent what may be the most explosive radiation of any animals since the Cambrian, diversifying into 900,000 extant species and perhaps as many as eight million undescribed species The Insects The enormous diversification of insects has been attributed to the modular organization of the insect body in which antennae can evolve independently of wings, mouthparts independently of legs, and so forth — a process known as mosaic evolution Homeotic mutations, so common in insects, attest to the comparative ease with which individual segments can be altered in a body plan that consists of serially repetitive elements Arthropod Phylogeny Some of the largest prehistoric flying insects were dragonflies whose wingspan could be as much as 0.75 meters Insects The Evolution of Insect Flight The Paranotal hypothesis suggests that the insects wings developed from paranotal lobes, a preadaptation found in insect fossils that is believed to have assisted stabilization while hopping or falling (not well supported by evidence) The Evolution of Insect F