Technology Clusters The Role of Entrepreneurshi集群技术创业的作用.pptVIP

National and Regional Competitiveness: Systems of Innovation Edward J. Malecki Department of Geography The Ohio State University CASIC Research Summit Chicago, April 2011 Competitiveness: What Do We Know? The ‘diamond model’: the determinants of national advantage (Source: Porter 1990, Figure 3-1, p. 72). The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index Source: Based on Porter et al. (2007: 55, Figure 6) The Microeconomic Business Environment Source: Based on Porter et al. (2007: 55, Figure 4) WEF: Switzerland, Sweden, Singapore – and then, in 4th place, the USASource: WEF GCR 2010-11 IMD’s World Competitiveness Yearbook 2010 Rankings: 1. Singapore, 2. Hong Kong, 3. USA, 4. Switzerland Based on: Economic Performance Domestic economy, International trade, International investment, Employment, Prices Government efficiency Public finance, Fiscal policy, Institutional framework, Business legislation, Societal framework Business efficiency Productivity, Labor market, Finance, Management practices, Attitudes and values Infrastructure Basic infrastructure, Technological infrastructure, Scientific infrastructure, Health and environment, Education Information Technology and Innovation Foundation “To find global leaders, Asia is the place to look.” Based on: Human capital Innovation capacity Entrepreneurship Information technology (IT) infrastructure Economic policy Economic performance Competition in Science and TechnologySource: Mervis (2010) Is China Number 1? Changes in Technological Competitiveness 1993-2007Source: A. Porter et al. (2009) Constructing Advantage “Top-down, centrally planned approaches are rarely effective.” Dearing (2007: 347) “Knowledge and innovation capabilities cannot be created by decree, and the processes of knowledge creation, utilization, and transformation are not top-down processes. Rather, they depend on a complex set of values, learning processes, networks and interactions.” Schwaag Serger (2006: 258) It is this col