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Body Planes Anatomic reference systems describe the location and functions of body parts. The basic reference systems are: body planes, body directions, body cavities, and structural units Body planes are imaginary horizontal and vertical lines used to divide the body into sections The use of these planes makes it easier to describe the location of an organ or problem. Midline and Bilateral Symetery The midline, also known as the midsagittal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body, into equal left and right halves. Transverse Plane The transverse plane, also known as the horizontal plane, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Ventral and Dorsal Ventral refers to the front or belly side of the body. Dorsal refers to the back of the body. Superior and Inferior Superior means uppermost, above or toward the head. For example, the lungs are located superior to (above) the diaphragm.  Inferior means lowermost, below or toward the feet. For example, the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm. Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity Terms Related to Abdominal Cavity Body Cavities Body Cavities The dorsal cavity contains the structure of the nervous system that coordinate the bodily functions. The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord. The ventral cavity contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis means maintaining a constant internal environment. The ventral cavity is divided into three parts: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities. Divisions of the Spinal Cord Cervical vertebrae: C Thoracic vertebrae: T Lumbar vertebrae: L Sacrum: S Spinal column or spinal cord Disk (slipped disk) FLASH MOVIE -- CLICK MEMBRANES Slide 4.4 Mucous Membranes Slide 4.5 Serous Membranes Slide 4.7 Synovial Membranes Slide 4.3 Cutaneous Membrane * * Thoracic Adbdominal P