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Biomarkers in marine invertebrates Current state and use in 在海洋无脊椎动物当前状态和使用生物标志物
HELCOM MON-PRO 2/2005, Stockholm, Sweden, February 14-18 2005 Module analysis - hazardous substances: biological effects Monitoring of biological effects of contaminants in the Baltic Sea: current status and outline for a regional monitoring strategy Kari K. Lehtonen Finnish Institute of Marine Research Helsinki, Finland Module analysis - hazardous substances: biological effects Consultation What Are Biomarkers? Biological responses to environmental chemicals at the individual level or below (i.e. molecular, cellular or “whole-organism” levels) Why Biomarkers? Biomarkers provide means of interpreting environmental levels of pollutants in biological terms Which Biomarkers? Cost-effective Rapid Robust Informative Representing different biological levels General/specific (Simple) Genotoxicicity DNA adducts DNA damage/strand breaks Micronucleii Biotransformation transport Mixed Function Oxygenases (MFOs) EROD Benzopyrene hydroxylase (BPH) Phase II conjugation mechanisms Glutathione-S-transferase Sulphoreductases Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) P-glycoprotein (P-gp) Oxidative stress Catalase (CAT) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Glutathione peroxidases (GPX and Se-GPX) Glutathione reductase (GR) Glutathione redox states Total glutathione (GSH) Total oxygen scavenging capacity (TOSC) Lipid peroxidation malonedialdehyde (MDA) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) General stress Lysosomal stability histochemical and in vivo (Neutral Red) approaches Lysosomal structural changes Peroxisomal proliferation Neutral lipid accumulation Lipofuscin accumulation Cellular protection Metallothioneins (MT) Heat-shock proteins (HSP) Immune system responses Phagocytosis Total haemocyte count Differential haemocyte count Reactive nitrogen intermediates (e.g. nitrogen oxide) Natural killer cells Bacterial challenge assays Neurotoxicity Acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE) “An old biomarker with a new future” Increasing evidence of potential use in “stress screening” (
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