微处理器外文翻译.docx

MicroprocessorsA microprocessor is a computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971 .The 4004 was not very powerful – all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components. The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators.The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on the chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088 , introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC. The PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster!The following table shows the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years.Table1.2NameDateTransistorsMicron[1]ClockspeedData width[2]MIPS[3]808019746,00062 MHz8 bits0.648088197929,00035 MHz16 bits8-bit bus0.33802861982134,0001.56 MHz16 bits1803861985275,0001.516 MHz32 bits58048619891,200,000125 MHz32 bits20Pentium19933,100,0000.860 MHz32 bits64-bit bus100Pentium II19977,500,0000.35233 MHz32 bits64-bit bus~300Pentium III19999,500,0000.25450 MHz32 bits64-bit bus~510Pentium 4200042,000,0000.181.5 GHz32 bits64-bit bus~1,700From this table you can see that, in general, there is a relationship between clock speed and MIPS. The maximum clock speed is a function of the manufacturing process and delays within the chip. There is also a relationship between the number of transistors and MIPS. For example, the 8088 clo