宋朝优老养老政策述论.pdfVIP

摘 要 尊老是中华民族的传统美德，对待老年的态度、敬养措施成为衡量一个时期道 德标准、价值取向以及稳定程度的重要依据。历史上很多王朝都制定了一系列优 老养老政策。宋代是中国历史上 “一个新的继续发展时期”，其优老养老政策尊养 结合，堪称全面。在实施对象上，宋代既尊养老年官员与致仕官员，也惠及一般 老年庶民。在具体措施上，优老政策从“尊老尚齿”角度出发，参照老年身份等 级和年龄等因素分层性地礼遇和关怀老年。养老政策侧重一些实现“老有所终” 的保障性措施：一般情况下，鼓励和督促家庭养老，完善侍丁制度、官员侍老制 度和留养制度等；对于无依靠的贫老，官府也积极救助，并且初步形成了有组织 的国家救济系统。 宋代是中国历史上的重要转型时期，经济、文化、社会关系等方面都发生了许 多变化，这些变化不可避免地对宋时政策的制定有所影响，使其具有鲜明的时代 特征，优老养老政策方面也有所体现。例如，随着科技进步、文化教育的大发展， 宋代三老五更等养老礼仪的教化功能减弱；一些政策更具有实效性，如宋代赈济 老年的举措与传统的赐物高年措施相比，从资金投入、组织力度、实施对象的广 度等方面而言实际效用更突出。 在先秦、两汉、唐代、明清优老养老政策研究成果的基础上，发掘和梳理宋代 的相关政策，有利于人们全面地了解和认识中国古代的尊老敬老传统，进而有所 继承和发扬。 关键词：宋代；老年；优老政策；养老政策 II Abstract Respect the aged is one of the traditional virtues of Chinese nation. Attitude and measures that provided for the aged become an important gist of scaling the moral standard, orientation of values and degree of stability in a date. Many dynasties made series policies about offering good treatment and providing for the aged. Song dynasty is a ‘new continued developing period’, its policy that about offering good treatment to the aged combined respect and providing for the ole people, it can be said overall. Targets that were being provided for contained not only the aged officials but also the aged ordinary person. The policy, for concrete measures, started from the conception of ‘respect and adore the aged’, consulted factors such as the old people ’s status and age gave courteous reception and caring rankly. The policy of provid ing for the aged emphasis some measures which ensured the realizing of old people ’s nourishing. Generally, encourage and supervise and urge family ’s aged providing ,improve and perfect systems like ‘shi d