专业八级人文知识7.ppt

英语语言学 Introduction 语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 应用语言学Applied Linguistics The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. 识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 ; Productivity/Creativity多产性/创造性; Duality双重性; Displacement移位性; Cultural transmission文化传递 Design Features (1)arbitrariness任意性 There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式 Design Features (2)Duality双层结构 Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. 语言由声音结构和意义结构组成 Design Features (3)Productivity多产性 Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果 Design Features ⑷Displacement移位性 Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等 Design Features ⑸Cultural transmission文化传播性 Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.