新编护理学基础-给药（二）.pptVIP

给 药(二) 中国医科大学护理学院 王健 Medications (two) FACTORS AFFECTING MEDICATION ACTION A number of factors other than the drug itself can affect its action. A person may not respond in the same manner to successive doses of a drug. In addition, the identical drug and dosage may affect different clients differently. 1.Developmental Factors·During pregnancy women must be very careful about taking medications.·Infants usually require small dosages because of their body size and the immaturity of their organs, especially the liver and kidneys.·Older adults have different responses to medications due to physiologic changes that accompany aging. 2.Gender Differences in the way men and women respond to drugs are chiefly related to the distribution of body fat and fluid and hormonal differences.3.Cultural, Ethnic, and Genetic Factors Recent research has indicated ethnicity and culture may contribute to differences in responses to medications. 4.Diet Nutrients can affect the action of a medication.5.Environment The client’s environment can affect the action of drugs, particularly those used to alter behavior and mood. 6.Psychologic Factors A client’s expectations about what a drug can do can affect the response to the medication.7.Illness and disease Illness and disease can also affect the action of drugs.8.Time of Administration The time of administration of oral medications affects the relative speed with which they act. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION Pharmaceutical preparations are generally designed for one or two specific routes of administration. The route of administration should be indicated when the drug is ordered. When administering a drug, the nurse should ensure that the pharmaceutical preparation is appropriate for the route specified. 1.Oral Oral administration is the most common, least expensive, and most convenient route for most clients. In oral administration, the drug is swallowed. Because the skin